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1. #REGULATE IN THE PROMISE OF ANOTHER TOMORROW CODE#
2. #REGULATE IN THE PROMISE OF ANOTHER TOMORROW FREE#

Footnote 10 With the impending launch of the EU’s Digital Green Certificate, the WHO has clarified that it is in favour of digital vaccination certificates, but not of making these a prerequisite for international travel, Footnote 11 as it might result in “discrimination against the people who are not able to have the vaccine for one reason or another”. Critique also came from the World Health Organization (WHO), which issued a warning early in the pandemic that certification of immunity was not supported by the scientific evidence. Footnote 8 Notably, this proposal has been criticised even by members of ID2020’s own board Footnote 9 on the basis that it is a techno-solutionist move that furthers the business interests of the alliance’s partners while ignoring scientific evidence and the risks to human rights. On the global level, the ID2020 Alliance, a for-profit initiative that counts Microsoft and Accenture among its members and purports to “set the future course of digital identity”, has launched its Good Health Pass, with the ambition of creating “a blueprint for interoperable digital health pass systems”. Footnote 7 In this article, we primarily use the term “immunity certification” as a broader term covering programmes worldwide, some of which aim to certify that people are vaccinated, but many of which focus on the notion of immunity, including having tested positive in the past for COVID-19. The main push for certification has been economically motivated, in the EU’s case with Southern European countries pushing for certification in order to maximise the chance that they can receive international tourists during the 2021 summer holiday season, Footnote 6 and in the case of the UK with the Conservative government pushing for it as a way for sectors such as hospitality and sport to reopen. Footnote 5 In Israel, Hungary and Iceland, certification is also available to those who have tested positive for the virus, but it is unclear whether other countries planning certification systems will also go in this direction. These include Israel, whose “Green Pass” was deployed in early 2021 Footnote 2 Hungary and Iceland Footnote 3 and proposals in the UK Footnote 4 and the USA. Footnote 1 This move mirrors other initiatives around the world to certify, at the very least, receipt of an authorised COVID-19 vaccine.

In “digital or paper format”, the pass is expected to include machine-readable elements such as QR codes and digital signatures “to allow the sharing of electronic signature keys so that the authenticity of Digital Green Certificates can be verified across the EU”.

#REGULATE IN THE PROMISE OF ANOTHER TOMORROW FREE#

The certificate would provide “proof” of health status with respect to COVID-19 to “facilitate safe free movement” across the European Union (EU). On 17 March 2021, the European Commission unveiled its much-awaited proposal for the “vaccination pass”, termed the Digital Green Certificate. Finally, the project of certification displaces a more important action, namely addressing the radical inequality in countries’ ability to combat the pandemic.

#REGULATE IN THE PROMISE OF ANOTHER TOMORROW CODE#

It serves as a way to (further) close borders and to regulate, through code and infrastructure, access to public goods such as employment and public space. Second, vaccine certification effectively legitimises inequalities between countries and people by formalising ways to distinguish between the vaccinated and non-vaccinated and to exclude the latter, thus reinforcing both mobility and connectivity divides. They therefore constitute governance by data infrastructure, diverting action and control away from elected legislators to for-profit contractors. First, they involve real-world infrastructures that, while unlikely to accomplish the task at hand, will nevertheless last a long time and be repurposed. Technological theatre and political theatre often serve valid functions, but these forms are problematic for several reasons. In this paper, we demonstrate how this phenomenon constitutes various forms of theatre – immunity theatre, border theatre, behavioural theatre and equality theatre – doing so by drawing on perspectives from technology regulation, migration studies and critical geopolitics. Digital vaccination certification involves making many promises, few of which can realistically be kept.